An Overview of Child Development Theories

This topic center provides a review of theories of child development. For information on parenting and child development of infants aged 0 to 2, please visit our Infant Parenting and Child Development topic center. For information on parenting and child development of preschool children (early childhood aged 3 to 7, please visit our Early Childhood Parenting and Child Development topic center. For information on parenting and child development of middle childhood children (ages 8 to 11), please visit our Middle Childhood Parenting and Development center. For information on parenting adolescents (ages 12-24), please visit our Child Development Theory: Adolescence topic center and Parenting and Child Development Theory: Adolescen...More
Fast Facts: Learn! Fast!
What are the main child development areas?
- There are four main areas or channels in which children grow: physical, psychological and cognitive, social and emotional, and sexuality and gender identity.
- Children's bodies grow in height and weight over the years and change appearance during puberty.
- Children also develop certain physical abilities during their progression towards adulthood, including crawling, walking, running and (possibly) writing or shooting a basketball.
- Children develop psychologically and cognitively as their brains absorb more information and they learn how to use that information.
- Children grow socially and emotionally and they learn how to interact, play, work, and live with other people such as family, friends, teachers, and employers.
- They learn how to understand both their own feelings and others' emotions and ways of dealing with strong emotions.
- Children must develop a sense of self-esteem as they go through the long process of figuring out what shape their identity, or who they are, will take.
- They also develop a sense of morality as they learn the difference between right and wrong.
- Finally, children have to develop sexually and form a gender identity.
- Early on, children learn how their bodies work and look and what it means to be a boy or a girl; they learn how boys and girls are different.
- As they grow older and enter adolescence and puberty, they continue to learn how their bodies work sexually and how to responsibly handle their sexuality so as to balance their sexual desires and appropriate behavior.
What is Sigmund Freud's theory of child development?
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a Viennese doctor who came to believe that the way parents dealt with children's basic sexual and aggressive desires would determine how their personalities developed and whether or not they would end up well-adjusted as adults.
- Freud described children as going through multiple stages of sexual development, which he labeled Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.
- In Freud's view, each stage focused on sexual activity and the pleasure received from a particular area of the body.
- In the oral phase, children are focused on the pleasures that they receive from sucking and biting with their mouth.
- In the Anal phase, this focus shifts to the anus as they begin toilet training and attempt to control their bowels.
- In the Phallic stage, the focus moves to genital stimulation and the sexual identification that comes with having or not having a penis.
- Another part of Freud's theory focused on identifying the parts of consciousness.
- Freud thought that all babies are initially dominated by unconscious, instinctual and selfish urges for immediate gratification which he labeled the Id.
- As babies attempt and fail to get all their whims met, they develop a more realistic appreciation of what is realistic and possible, which Freud called the "Ego".
- Over time, babies also learn about and come to internalize and represent their parents' values and rules, which he called the "Super-Ego."
- The Super-Ego is the basis for the the child's conscience that struggles with the concepts of right and wrong and works with the Ego to control the immediate gratification urges of the Id.
- By today's rigorous scientific standards, Freud's psychosexual theory is not considered to be very accurate, but it is still important and influential today because it was the first stage development theory that gained real attention, and many other theorists used it as a starting place.
What is Erik Erikson's theory of child development?
- Erik Erikson (1902-1994) used Freud's work as a starting place to develop a theory about human stage development from birth to death.
- Erikson focused on how peoples\' sense of identity develops; how people develop or fail to develop abilities and beliefs about themselves which allow them to become productive, satisfied members of society.
- Because Erikson's theory combines how people develop beliefs psychologically and mentally with how they learn to exist within a larger community of people, it's called a 'psychosocial' theory.
- Erikson's stages are, in chronological order in which they unfold: trust versus mistrust; autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt; industry versus inferiority; identity versus identity confusion; intimacy versus isolation; generativity versus stagnation; and integrity versus despair.
- Each stage is associated with a time of life and a general age span.
- For each stage, Erikson's theory explains what types of stimulation children need to master that stage and become productive and well-adjusted members of society and explains the types of problems and developmental delays that can result when this stimulation does not occur.
What is Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of child development?
- Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) described three stages of moral development which described the process through which people learn to discriminate right from wrong and to develop increasingly sophisticated appreciations of morality.
- Kohlberg believed that his stages were cumulative and that each built off understanding and abilities gained in prior stages.
- According to Kohlberg, moral development is a lifelong task, and many people fail to develop the more advanced stages of moral understanding.
- Kohlberg's first 'preconventional' level describes children whose understanding of morality is essentially only driven by consequences.
- Second stage 'conventional' morality describes people who act in moral ways because they believe that following the rules is the best way to promote good personal relationships and a healthy community.
- The final 'postconventional' level describes people who instead of just following rules without questioning them, determine what is moral based on a set of values or beliefs they think are right all the time.
What is Jean Piaget's theory of child development?
- Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1990), created a cognitive-developmental stage theory that described how children's ways of thinking developed as they interacted with the world around them.
- Piaget's theory has four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- During the sensorimotor stage, which often lasts from birth to age two, children are just beginning to learn how to learn. The major tasks occurring during this period involve children figuring out how to make use of their bodies, which they do by experiencing everything with their five senses.
- During the preoperational stage, which often lasts from ages two though seven, children start to use mental symbols to understand and to interact with the world, and they begin to learn language and to engage in pretend play.
- In the concrete operational stage that follows, lasting from ages seven through eleven, children gain the ability to think logically to solve problems and to organize information they learn.
- During the formal operational stage, which often lasts from age eleven on, adolescents learn how to think more abstractly to solve problems and to think symbolically (for example, about things that aren't really there concretely in front of them).
What is Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of child development?
- Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the child's environment affects how a child grows and develops.
- He labeled different aspects or levels of the environment that influence children's development, including the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem.
- The microsystem is the small, immediate environment the child lives in and includes any immediate relationships or organizations they interacts with, such as their immediate family or caregivers and their school or daycare.
- The mesosystem describes how the different parts of a child's microsystem work together for the sake of the child.
- The exosystem level includes the other people and places that the child herself may not interact with often herself but that still have a large effect on her, such as parents' workplaces, extended family members, the neighborhood, etc.
- The macrosystem is the largest and most remote set of people and things to a child but which still has a great influence over the child, such as the relative freedoms permitted by the national government, cultural values, the economy, wars, etc.
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Resources
Articles
- An Overview of Child Developmental Theories
- An Overview of Child Development Theories
- Developmental Channels
- Child Development Stages vs. Continuous Development
- Developmental Stages and Milestones of Child Development
- Sensitive Periods in Child Development
- Major Child Development Theories and Theorists
- Sigmund Freud and Child Development
- Erik Erikson and Child Development
- Lawrence Kohlberg and Child Development
- Jean Piaget and Child Development
- Urie Bronfenbrenner and Child Development
- Child Development Overview Summary
- Infants: Parenting and Child Development
- Early Childhood: Parenting and Child Development
- Middle Childhood: Parenting and Child Development
- Adolescence: Parenting and Child Development
- Child Mental Disorders and Illnesses
- An Overview of Child Developmental Theories
News
- Social Media, Binge Eating Often Go Together for Kids
- Stressed and Distracted, Kids and Their Teachers Say Virtual Learning Isn't Working
- Sports Position Doesn't Affect Risk of Concussion-Linked CTE Illness
- Pandemic Putting Added Strain on Parents of Kids With Cancer
- Dogs and Kids Are 'In Sync,' Study Shows
- Teachers Main Drivers of School COVID Outbreaks, So Vaccinations Needed: Study
- Tips to Keep Young Athletes Injury-Free
- Fertility Treatments Might Affect Kids' Growth, But Not for Long
- Mom's Heart Health While Pregnant Could Influence Her Child's Health for Years
- Pandemic Has Affected Kids' Dental Health: Poll
- 40 more
- New Rabies Prevention Treatment Also Works in Kids: Study
- When Will Kids Get the COVID Vaccines?
- U.S. Schools Can Reopen, With Safeguards in Place: CDC
- Fetal Surgery Is Changing Lives for Kids With Spina Bifida
- Kids Who Got Flu Shot Had Milder COVID Symptoms: Study
- Very Little Spread of Coronavirus at Kids' Day Camps: Study
- When Kids Misbehave, 'Verbal Reasoning' Can Sometimes Backfire
- Vaccines Saved 37 Million Lives, Mostly Children, Over Past Two Decades
- Anchor It! Toppling TVs, Furniture Can Injure and Kill Kids
- Why Do Black Children Get Fewer Scans When They're Seen in ERs?
- Pandemic May Be Affecting How Parents Feed Their Kids
- Race Plays Role in Kids' Food Allergies: Study
- Too Many Kids With Special Needs Are Going Without Adequate Support
- There’s ‘A Path Forward’ to Reopening Schools, CDC Officials Say
- Kids Aren't Scared by Medical Workers' PPE, Study Finds
- Hand Sanitizer Is Harming Kids' Eyes, Often Seriously
- Kids Highly Likely to Transmit Coronavirus to Others: Study
- Kids' ER Visits for Injuries Rose During Lockdown, While Non-Injury Cases Fell
- Should Your Child Get a COVID Test?
- Climate Change Is Spurring Malnutrition in Kids Worldwide
- New Year, New Tips for Keeping Your Kids Safe and Healthy
- AHA News: Pandemic Pods Offer Social Relief, But There Are Risks
- Pediatricians' Group Says School Is Priority, With Proper Safety Measures
- Kids With Congenital Heart Disease Face Higher Odds of Mental Health Issues
- Ready to Resume Sports? Health Tips for Getting Back in the Game
- Masks Don't Mask Others' Emotions for Kids
- Could Going Vegetarian Lower Kids' Asthma Risk?
- Parents Feel the Strain as Pandemic Adds New Role: Teacher
- Involved Dads Make a Difference for Disadvantaged Teens
- Poll Charts U.S. Parents' Biggest Worries During Pandemic
- Schools, Day Care Not a Big Factor in Kids Getting COVID: Study
- Type 2 Diabetes in Youth Is Especially Unhealthy: Study
- When Sepsis Strikes Children, Black Kids More Likely to Die: Study
- New Clues to Crohn's Disease in Kids
- Kids With Dyslexia May Have Hidden Strengths
- Kids' Weight Rises When Convenience Stores Open Nearby: Study
- A Better, Safer Way to Rid Some Kids of Seizures?
- More Clues to Why Kids Have Much Milder COVID-19
- Pandemic Causing Dangerous Delays in Care When Appendicitis Strikes Kids
- How to Keep Kids Resilient in a Strange Holiday Season
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Book & Media Reviews
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- We're Not Monsters
- What about the Kids
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- Where The Kissing Never Stops
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- Raising Children Responsibly in the Digital Age
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- New Sugar Guidelines
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- Kids and screen time
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- Creating Safe and Supportive Schools for LGBTQ Students
- 20 Min Exercise Cuts Kid's Diabetes Risk
- Most Kid's Fevers, No Worries
- Giving Your Child’s Diet a Makeover
- Flu Vaccines for Kids
- Fevers: When it’s Time to Worry
- Help Your Child to Be Angry Better
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- Dipping into Swim Safety
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- Asthma 101
- Focusing your Children on Fitness
- Parents Slow to Recognize Obese Children
- Development of the Young Brain
- Both Types of Diabetes Rising in Kids
- Monitoring and Limit Setting: Privilege Removal
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- 3 Easy Tips to Get Children Active
- Asthma in Children: Working Together to Get it Under Control
- Peanut Allergies: A Bigger Threat to Kids with Asthma
- Preventing Pediatric Falls
- Snoring and Sleep Apnea
- Facts about the Measles (MMR) Vaccine
- Does my Child Have Asthma and How Should it be Treated?
- An Evidence-Based Approach to Youth Sports Concussions
- 7 Reasons to Be Smoke-Free
- Concussion Guide for Parents
- How Your Immune System Works
- How Muscles Work
- How the Digestive System Works
- How Your Heart Works
- Vaccines: Separating Myth from Reality
- Tough to Swallow - Tips for Kids Taking Meds
- Learning & cognitive difficulties in children: Challenges after a head injury, including concussion
- Vaccinations and Immunizations
- Sport Concussions in Youth: Community Guide for Education, Treatment and Research
- Help Your Child with Diabetes Prepare for School
- Back to School: Dr. Stephen Whiteside on Routines
- Dr. Bridget Biggs on Bullying
- Ask the Expert - No more homework battles
- Weight Control For Children: Improving Physical Activity
- Back to School: Sick Kids - Should They Stay or Should They Go?
- Back to School: Feed the Body and Brain
- Childhood Cancer facts and treatment information
- Breaking the Silence, Breaking the Cycle Honoring Youth Voices
- 6 Top Tips for Parents
- Kids With Asthma Who Are Exposed To Secondhand Smoke Have Twice As Many Hospitalizations
- Sport Concussions in Youth
- Disparities in early childhood obesity: Risk factors and possible solutions
- Exercise and Bone Health in Children and Adolescents
- Children Build Self-Esteem, Increase Confidence, Stop Bullies
- Eating and Nutrition – Tips for K-12
- Positive Parenting & Promoting Mental Health
- Immunization for all throughout life
- Childhood Obesity & Healthy Eating
- Brain & Nervous System
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- How Parents and Caregivers Can Help Kids and Teens Cope with the Increased Stressors with COVID-19
- Health Tips for Traveling Abroad with Kids
- The Long term Impacts of Bullying
- Active Games a Game Changer?
- Brain food for kids
- After-school snack ideas
- A Good Night's Slumber: Tips for Healthy Sleep Habits in Children
- Preventing Childhood Obesity
- Past Procrastination -- Get Your Kids Organized, Focused and Motivated
- Ask the Expert: Late, Lost, and Unprepared: How to Help Your Child with Executive Functioning
- Kids and Common Infections
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